Use of Disguises in Homers Odyssey Essay - 986 Words

Use of Disguises in Odyssey The characters use of disguises in Homers Odyssey is a crucial element that helps to catalyze the victory of good over evil. Each disguise is unique, created for a specific purpose. Before she talks to Telemachos, Athena disguises herself as a wise old man in order to ensure that her words carry weight and are taken seriously. She knows that she must assist and encourage Telemachos into searching for his long lost father without revealing her divine nature, so she assumes the guise of Mentor because men were generally given more credibility in those days. In a similar vein, Odysseus disguises himself as a homeless man in order to exude anonymity so that he can safely return to Ithaka where he†¦show more content†¦He is praised by Athena for his ability to quickly devise a false tale. In the Achaian world, intelligence is more highly treasured then a hard working man. Odysseus cleverness makes him godlike and comparable to the immortals, and he even had opportunities to be among the immortals, as exemplified by Kalypsos offer for eternal life and youth. Despite the fact that he is cheating on his wife, an unscrupulous act, Odysseus is still regarded as a great man; glorious and honorable. Contrast to the modern American view of evil, Odysseus blinding of Polyphemus is not an evil act, but rather one that is praised for its cleverness. Odysseus nobody trick has proved to save his life. Although his goal was to survive, Odysseus abandoned his morals of honesty to accomplish the feat. By identifying himself as nobody, he fooled Polyphemus, but he also hid his true identity, which is lying and deceiving. He actually degraded his manhood by disguising himself mentally. Ironically, Odysseus escapes not as a manly warrior, but rather as a sheep. After leaving the cave, he wants to redeem himself and his manhood. Revealing his name to Polyphemus almost cost the crew members their lives, but the fame that Odysseus would obtain from tricking Polyphemus will be everlasting and was worthwhile to him. Showing a lack of good judgement, Odysseus again reveals his position in the water, but luckily, they do escapeShow MoreRelated Use of Disguise in Homer’s Odyssey Essa y2154 Words   |  9 PagesUse of Disguise in Homer’s Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   The difference between a wise and a foolish decision is often found in discerning when to conceal and when to reveal. This discretion in concealing and revealing is a major theme within The Odyssey. There is a proper time to deceive and a proper time to tell the truth; thus, it is crucial that one act accordingly. This importance is exemplified in Odysseus life. When he is discreet in his timing, he achieves his goal. One example of this is the TrojanRead MoreEssay about Use of Disguise in Homers Odyssey1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Disguise in Odyssey       In Homers Odyssey, the use of disguise to help convey a false identity assists the characters in accomplishing their plans.   Without the use of disguise it would thwart Odyssey’s attempts at arriving back to his homeland. Each disguise has its own individual purpose, for example Athenes image as Mentor to advise Telemachos.   The main intention being to assist and encourage Telemachos into searching for news of his long lost father without revealingRead MoreO Brother, Where Art Thou?: Modern Adaptation of Homers Odyssey1265 Words   |  6 Pagesthe epic poem The Odyssey. The Coen brothers, writers and directors of the film, did not over analyze their representation. â€Å"It just sort of occurred to us after we’d gotten into it somewhat that it was a story about someone going home, and sort of episodic in nature, and it kind of evolved into that,† says Joel Coen in Blood Siblings, â€Å"It’s very loosely and very sort of unseriously based on The Odyssey† (Woods 32). O Brother, Where Art Thou? contains ideas from The Odyssey for the sake of modernizationRead More Disguises in Homers Odyssey Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesDisguises in Homers Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Homers Odyssey, disguises help convey a false identity that assist the characters in accomplishing their plans.   Each disguise has its own purpose, such as Athenes image as Mentor to advise Telemachos.   Her purpose was to assist and encourage Telemachos into searching news of his long lost father without revealing her true identity of divinity.   Being old and wise, and especially male, helps put more power behind the words spoken by Mentor because menRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : Power Of Cunning Over Strength910 Words   |  4 Pagessurroundings in order to craft an overall message or theme as a takeaway for their audience. Homer’s epic The Odyssey demonstrates this well. While Homer’s epic depicts Odysseus as a strong and powerful king who has won many wars, it is not his strength that propels him to be able to return to his home. If one were to read between the lines, they would realize that one of Homer’s major themes in The Odysse y compares the power of cunning over strength. The theme unfolds throughout the narrative whenRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Identity in Homers Odyssey1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Identity in Homers Odyssey Within the epic poem The Odyssey, Homer presents the story of Odysseuss quest to find his home and his identity. According to Homers account, with its origin in oral tradition, the two quests are interchangeable, as a mortal defines himself with his home, his geographic origin, his ancestors, his offspring, etc. But in addition to this Homer illustrates the other aspect of human identity, shaped by the individual and his actions so that he mayRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey Disguise To Find True Identity1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey Disguise To Find True Identity Disguise To Find True Identity The Odyssey is an epic that shapes and defines the roles of many great leaders. These leaders are made up of mortals, alive and dead, and immortals. The trip taken by Odysseus is not only a journey of a war hero back to his homeland, but is a journey in all of the characters lives, which develop a better sense of personal identity and selfhood as the epic goes on. It is the many disguises that each character uses thatRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Odyssey 1251 Words   |  6 PagesMimi Wang Mrs. Kottke Honors 10 English 3/24/16 The Power of Women in The Odyssey Throughout literary history, women are portrayed as mere property or tools of men; however, women can also be shown as people who hold power in Homer’s The Odyssey. Women hold a significant amount of authoritative power over men in both their lives and mindsets, and this can be seen through Circe s powers that are able to manipulate Odysseus and his men, Penelope s tactics to stall marriage and her caution towardRead MoreMetamorphosis In Homers The Metamorphosis979 Words   |  4 Pagesexperienced in the form of disguises, which can be used to serve many different purposes. (Discussion) This idea of metamorphosis is an important aspect of identity in mythological texts. (Thesis) In the Odyssey, Homer uses metamorphosis on the character Athena to help her fulfill her role as a mentor. Ovid’s The Metamorphoses also uses metamorphosis of the characters Io and Callisto to insure their identity as Jupiter’s mistresses. (Essay Map) First, in Homer’s The Odyssey, metamorphosis is usedRead MoreArchetypes In Homers The Odyssey1507 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Greeks’ work consists of monsters, creatures, gods, goddesses, fights, and battles. It shows that Ancient Greeks are very imaginative and creative. Three main archetypes that are used in Homer’s epic ,The Odyssey, each show a different aspect of Ancient Greek culture. The three archetypes are: the hero archetype, the monster archetypes, and the search for love. The hero archetype shows the Ancient Greeks’ love for thrill and adventure; Odysseus goes on many thrilling adventures while on

Web Du Bois and Double Consciousness Free Essays

W. E. B. We will write a custom essay sample on Web Du Bois and Double Consciousness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Du Bois: Double-Consciousness Ashanti Johnson SOC101 Lestine Shedrick October 18, 2011 W. E. B. Du Bois (1968-1963) was a huge contributor to sociology through the eyes and experience of an African-American scholar (Vissing, 2011). Du Bois was an author, activist and student of Black sociology. In his 1897 article, Strivings of the Negro People†, Du Bois introduced the term â€Å"double-consciousness†, a concept I believe to be just as relevant in today’s African-American communities. Double consciousness refers to what Du Bois considered an absence of â€Å"true self consciousness† (Du Bois, 1897) amongst Africans in America. In place of that absence, lies a dual awareness- awareness of one’s self combined with an awareness of how others perceive you. Is being an American a contradiction to Black identity, even in contemporary society? In his 1903 book, ‘The Souls of Black Folk’, Du /bois gives an analysis of African-Americans and double-consciousness, that Black people are caught between separate self conceptions, as an American and as an African. â€Å"The negro ever feels his two-ness, an American, a negro, two souls, two warring ideals and one dark body whose dogged strength keeps it from being torn asunder† (Du Bois, 1903). Du Bois broke his concept of double-consciousness down into three manifestations: First, the power of White stereotypes on Black life and thought. Second, racism and the exclusion of Black Americans from mainstream American society. Lastly, Du Bois points out the internal conflict between being of African descent and being an American. What is the power and influence of White stereotypes on the everyday lives of African-Americans today, in the 21st century? We live in a society that, many could argue, is saturated with Black culture. Commercial television, film and radio are largely influenced by African-American language, imagery and music. Examples of what used to be considered African-American youth vernacular, have seeped into mainstream culture. Words and phrases such as â€Å"bling† and â€Å"you go boy† are not Black slang, but American slang. The continued commercial inclusion of African-American images, language and music, does not eliminate double-consciousness- it may, in fact, magnify it. The stereotypes and images of Black people in America have evolved since Du Bois coined his term in 1897, but even the ever-changing understanding of Black culture leaves most African-Americans trapped in a conflict of who they are versus who they are believed to be in the eyes of America. On one hand, Africans are credited with inventing many genres of sound, dance, art and athletic styles. Although there are many groundbreaking contributions in math, medicine and science, Africans are not â€Å"popular† for these attributes. Because of this, many African-American parents keep their children from concentrating on such areas of strength as dance, music or sports in order to keep them away from a stereotypical field of study. Double-consciousness will have a talented athlete fore-go a sports career so that they are not considered â€Å"just another ball player†. When we think of Black Americans being excluded from mainstream American society, we consider the generations leading to the civil rights movement. Today, our President is an African-American, so surely this issue is no longer relevant. Racism cannot flourish in contemporary America, right? According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, racism is â€Å"a belief that some races are by nature superior to others† and the â€Å"discrimination based on such beliefs† (Webster, 2011). We now live in an anti-racism society. It is frowned upon to act or react in any way that could be construed as racist. Our society has laws in place which make racist actions in the workplace, school or even in public- illegal. The conflict of double-consciousness still exists in this modern, anti-racist America. Perhaps even more frustrating for today’s African-American, is living with the reality of racial tension in a society refusing to admit that such tension still exists. Du Bois spoke of internal conflict as being the most significant manifestation of double-consciousness. There is an inner conflict between being of both American and African lineage. African-Americans are a special group of immigrants who did not choose America as their new home. It was slavery that brought the African to America for generations of forced labor. The knowledge that most of the African culture, language, history and experience, was lost to American Africans after the slave trade, helps fuel the inner conflict. Where should the African-American feel his strongest connection? Africa? America? In conclusion, double-consciousness impacts the African-American today just as it did in the early 1900’s. W. E. B. Du Bois described his concept as â€Å"a world which yields no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world† (Du Bois, 1903). Today’s politically correct society tends to use the word â€Å"color blind†, intended to show an acceptance for all people, regardless of race or color. Today, the double-conscious African-American must continue the search for his conscious identity in a society which has gone from color-racist to color-blind in a matter of a few decades. References Du Bois, W. E. B. (1897, August). Strivings of the negro people. The Atlantic, Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk. Chicago: McClurg and Company. racism. 2011. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/racism Vissing, Y. (2011). An introduction to sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education How to cite Web Du Bois and Double Consciousness, Papers

Auditing Services Business Risk Evaluation

Question: Describe about the Auditing Services for Business Risk Evaluation. Answer: 1 (a) Evaluation of business risk associated with HIH made it clear that all the business risks remains associated with international, environmental, as well as domestic aspects (Margret and Hoque 2016). These risks are considered to remain associated with the recognition of Australian insurance industry and the manner in which HIH remains efficient to amend itself with the risk analysis parameters. Determining Insolvency Risk- Ample strategies can be employed for recognizing insolvency risks within which the function of risk analysis are associated with the auditing risk analysis (Abdullah et al. 2016). There exists ample wide-ranging agreement, which is vital to encompass the expertise to deal with the debts of the organization. Having the support of risks linked with insolvency along with structure of profitability there exist a need to focus hugely on business which will encompass less number of consumers to commence the sector (Lessambo 2016). Such framework is in consideration of the organizations expertise to decrease its remaining debt. This is because, it is necessary that an organizations solvency is determined which then evaluates non-financial in addition to financial factors. Analysis on Profitability and Structure Associated with it- Though there are several applicable approaches that can analyze business risks associated with HIHs, it is deemed to consider to explore the competitive environment of the sector regarding the boost in competition and increase in range of prices (Caplan and Dutta 2016). In order to explore associated risks, handling the insurance in accordance to the Australian industry happen to be considerably easier than those are new within to the industrial regulations. 1 (b) An ample risk that HIH insurance company is able to eliminate contains risk factors related to auditing. For this reason, the company needs to issue an unqualified audit based on certain financial statements. Such aspects were intended to handle planning and procedure associated with several risks associated with business that should be detected and controlled accordingly (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Control risks have several material inaccuracies that HIH Insurance was not capable to detect within its internal control systems. Results were gathered from the case of HIH indicates the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the general ledger in order to facilitate ledger recognition as well as the bank account, that HIH Insurance still did not concern to consider (Pearson 2016). Company performance is deemed to be focused on the method of substantive differential, which presents excess dependence on the external documentation method (Sirtes et al. 2016). Ledger accounts enclosure along with different bank accounts supports valuation of tangible assets within organization. Risk can be evaluated through applying several techniques based on auditing and organizational performance. Risk also includes not being aware of the inaccuracies or any material assertions (Adams 2016). It has been recognized that it is extremely vital for HIH that will ensure timely planning and eliminate the situations whereas material misstatement remains undetected quite effectively. HIH Insurance Company had certain internal documents based on which the company could not conduct applicable processes intended to address problems associated with organizational performance of company (Betta 2016). Risks within business are the uncertainties related to financial report of HIH Insurance Company in which the firm declared to maintain its solvency, asked for premiums for the liquidity factors of the organization. This encompass number of distinct policies that considers presenting the record of marine insurance conducts that largely relates to insurance professions. 2 (a) Legal liability based problem is related with unqualified audit procedure which encompass audit risk which is improperly managed by HIH Insurance. Auditors of the company are observed to have inadequate awareness on inherent risk. This is considered as unrecognized modifications facilitated by HIH Insurance in the past years (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). Auditing report was analyzed effectively which explains the auditing practices brought into practice by HIH. The auditor was inefficient in exploring the auditing conducts of HIH insurance which it can incorporate within it other practices. These problems are deemed to be linked with insufficient auditors independence that is associated with the non-auditing task performance and observing the business conduct of HIH for additional business risk (James 2016). These conducts of the company are associated with several auditing techniques with anticipated auditing risk. The reports stays associated with the determination of management to address the existing legal concern. It is considered vital to indicate that HIH Insurance needs increasing attention on the liquidity position of the insurance company within which the liquidity position remains concerned with financial and operational activities of HIH Insurance (Margret and Hoque 2016). Such risks are found to be associated to pricing capability and outstanding claims of organizations. This is in accordance with the reservation practices in order to deal and work on decisions related with investments (Chen et al. 2016). As far as the clients are concerned, the focus is hugely on the performance of HIH Insurance Company that signifies inefficient planning of goodwill, postponed acquisition expenses and enhanced tax benefits. Based on the situation it can be said that if the consumers appoint former auditors, it could have an ill impact on the independence of peripheral auditing. It is clarified that such auditors continues to maintain superior partnership with the auditing members (May 2016). Conversely, it is evident that that there is a good association among former and the present auditors for they remain proficient to recognize and address the issues associated to parties that they have and have an influence on. 2 (b) Some of the conditions that have revealed the practice of negligence conduct of HIH insurance are found to be linked with the accelerations variations made within legislations (Chen et al. 2016). HIH Insurance Company makes it clear that it deals with high risk of related with pricing, unsuitable investments and inefficient policies that depleted the financial resources of the company. Corporate Governance- HIH Insurance Company faced the risk of bankruptcy, issues of agency cost from agency conflict arising from debtors and managers of insurance firm. The case study makes it clear that the aspects those lead to a companys bankruptcy encompass few agency cost problems generated from agency conflict taking place among proprietors, debtors and companys managers (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). A large part of the problems is dependent on the changes those are practiced with the direct liability framework of the improper risk governance had resulted in improper management. The legislative alterations implementations are linked with public liabilities and have a significant role for unproductive management (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). Information collected from the case study signifies that there is faulty risk management. This is due to the reason of failure in implementing effective management practices as well as regulations. The companys management avoided carrying out strateg y evaluation to make investment by accepting risk having several information sources. Non-availability of Information Source- HIH Insurance Company presented a situation where accounting systems has vital roles that intends to ensure improved use of commercial systems. For an insurance company, it does not seem to be suitable for the non-executive directors to gather vital data that will fulfill responsibilities of their director and for this reason, responsibilities non-executive directors of an organization needs being compromised. This is because there remain no alternatives other than depending on the generated and directed accounting systems regulated by the management (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Non-executive Directors Shortfall- The case study made it clear that non-executive directors must be asked certain questions related to risks those are justified. The company has to pay an amount of dollar 1.7 million to the auditing services of Anderson and dollar 1.631 million to the secretarial company of the individual (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Auditing facilities results out from external auditors and companys directors. Whether indirectly or straightforwardly corporate governance conducts of HIH Insurance Company are found being responsible for such negligence deeds. This also effectively signifies that certain guiding regulations or action takes place due to lack in independent management analysis. 3 (a) The construction of strong relationship with services provided by non-accounting entities led to refusal concerning increase of paid auditing facilities (Abdullah et al. 2016). HIH Company decided to employ internal auditors other than appointing external auditors for these reasons: Auditors observed to be familiar to the organization Auditors are supposed to have good experience in the areas of monetary and fiscal aspects. The management focuses on conducting audit work for in order to maintain a good relationship with its external auditors (Chen et al. 2016). Auditors of the organization should maintain the professional skepticism that facilitates implementation of an organizations managerial activities. This is because the auditors and management have incapability to manage their financial statement (Abdullah et al. 2016). 3 (b) Non-auditing facilities must be offered by the organizations those regularly conduct auditing works. Such specialized non-auditing supports encompass tax advantage advices and operational consultancy. Through such facilities, the company can ensure offering both auditing and non-auditing consumer services (Sirtes et al. 2016). The company intends to rely on handling consumer responses that is the major income source. Financial reports are maintained by the auditors, which will consider the financial situation analysis. This will focus on increasing profit objective of organizations. Such advantageous facilities support the alteration in some of the false statements (Sirtes et al. 2016). The reports should consider recognizing errors of a company for the reason it supports the auditors and consultant to sustain efficient consumer information management. Such facilities allow in addressing faults and offer the management report compilation. The measures on regulatory perspective happen s to be the efficient solution in order to ensure accuracy of the financial reports in which providing such services remains of great benefit for several accounting firms (Margret and Hoque 2016). 3 (c) Case study on HIH Insurance Company signifies that the members of that organization did not complete their duties with honesty, for the reason that they offered misleading or false data on a constant basis (Margret and Hoque 2016). A large proportion of staff of the company remained involved in unethical conducts where they were not able to accomplish their organizational duties in an efficient manner. With the failure of Enron, the circumstances further worsened and situations rose where fair dealing of work paper deductions was not observed in the company and several organizational staff was held guilty (Pearson 2016). Staff of organizations requires needs to involve themselves in complying with ethical duties of the company other than managing their clients. This ethical statement ensures to maintain regulations with codes and business standards those are applicable. Information disclosure applicable to the accounting standards will be encompasses in the statement (Pearson 2016). 3 (d) HIH Insurance Company considered governance and financial compliance practices under the amendment of CLERP 9: Engagement partner needs certain regulations in order to appraise staff including the senior management employees rotation on yearly basis (James 2016). The audit partners must be involved with the board of directors of the company that might take a long time to accept the auditing activities. Such recommendations have an objective to identify and address the issues related with business groups. Their aim is to improve the financial reporting and the audit functions in order to disclose the matters, which might affect independent auditing and additional disclosures of financial information (James 2016). Several suggestions focus on identifying responsibility by means of spreading widespread managerial functions needed to be performed by the organizational staff. Reference List Abdullah, N.S., Indulska, M. and Sadiq, S., 2016. Compliance management ontologya shared conceptualization for research and practice in compliance management.Information Systems Frontiers, pp.1-26. Adams, M.A., 2016. Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), p.335. Betta, M., 2016. Three Case Studies: Australian HIH, American Enron, and Global Lehman Brothers. InEthicmentality-Ethics in Capitalist Economy, Business, and Society, 8(6), pp. 79-97. Bobtcheff, C., Chaney, T. and Gollier, C., 2016. Analysis of Systemic Risk in the Insurance Industry.The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review,41(1), pp.73-106. Caplan, D. and Dutta, S.K., 2016. Managing the risk of misleading financial metrics in annual reports: A first step towards providing assurance over management's discussion.Journal of Accounting Literature,36, pp.1-27. Chen, V., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2016. Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure.Australian Business Law Review,44(1), pp.18-34. Emmerig, J. and Legg, M., 2016. Corporate law: Indirect causation accepted in shareholder claim of misleading conduct: Ramifications for shareholder class actions.Governance Directions,68(8), p.490. Fernando, M., 2016. The Context. InLeading Responsibly in the Asian Century, 8(1), pp. 9-30. James, C., 2016. Academic Integrity in Legal Education 48.Handbook of Academic Integrity, p.695. Lessambo, F., 2016.The International Corporate Governance System: Audit Roles and Board Oversight. London: Springer. Margret, J. and Hoque, Z., 2016. Business Continuity in the Face of Fraud and Organisational Change.Australian Accounting Review,26(1), pp.21-33. Margret, J. and Hoque, Z., 2016. Business Continuity in the Face of Fraud and Organisational Change.Australian Accounting Review,26(1), pp.21-33. May, K., 2016. Security for costs: Is a deed of indemnity from an after the event insurer good enough?.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(1), p.35. Pearson, G., 2016. Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed.Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions, p.185. Sirtes, G., Lo Surdo, A. and White, R., 2016. Corporations law and class actions: Court recognises indirect or market-based causation in shareholder claims.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (23), p.80. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach, 9(6), pp.1-26.

War Laws Essays - International Criminal Law, Valerian Trifa

War Laws The term "laws of war" refers to the rules governing the actual conduct of armed conflict. This idea that there actually exists rules that govern war is a difficult concept to understand. The simple act of war in and of itself seems to be in violation of an almost universal law prohibiting one human being from killing another. But during times of war murder of the enemy is allowed, which leads one to the question, "if murder is permissible then what possible "laws of war" could there be?" The answer to this question can be found in the Charter established at the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo: Crimes against Humanity: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.1 The above excerpt comes form the Charter of the Tribunal Article 6 section C, which makes it quite clear that in general the "laws of war" are there to protect innocent civilians before and during war. It seems to be a fair idea to have such rules governing armed conflictin order to protect the civilians in the general location of such aconflict. But, when the conflict is over, and if war crimes have been committed, how then are criminals of war brought to justice? The International Military Tribunals held after World War II in Nuremberg on 20 November 1945 and in Tokyo on 3 May 1946 are excellent examples of how such crimes of war are dealt with. (Roberts and Guelff 153-54) But, rather than elaborate on exact details of the Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo a more important matter must be dealt with. What happens when alleged criminals of war are unable to be apprehended and justly tried? Are they forgotten about, or are they sought after such as other criminals are in order to serve justice? What happens if these alleged violators are found residing somewhere other than where their pursuers want to bring them to justice? How does one go about legally obtaining the custody of one such suspect? Some of the answers to these questions can be found in an analysis of how Israel went about obtaining the custody of individuals that it thought to be guilty of Nazi War Crimes. Not only will one find some of the answers to the previously stated questions, but also one will gain an understanding of one facet of international law and how it works. Two cases in specific will be dealt with here. First, the extradition of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina, and second, the extradition of John Demjanjuk from the United States of America. These cases demonstrate two very different ways that Israel went about obtaining the custody of these alleged criminals. The cases also expose the intricacy of International Law in matters of extradition. But, before we begin to examine each of these cases we must first establish Israel's right to judicial processing of alleged Nazi war criminals. To understand the complications involved in Israel placing suspected Nazi war criminals on trial, lets review the history of Israel's situation. During World War II the Nazis were persecuting Jews in their concentration camps. At this time the state of Israel did not exist. The ending of the war meant the ending of the persecution, and when the other countries discovered what the Nazis had done Military Tribunals quickly followed. Some of the accused war criminals were tried and sentenced, but others managed to escape judgement and thus became fugitives running from international law. Israel became a state, and thus, some of the Jews that survived the concentration camps moved to the state largely populated by people of Jewish ancestry. Israel felt a moral commitment because of its large Jewish population and set about searching for the fugitive Nazi war criminals. The situation just described is only a basic overview of what happened. The state of Israel views itself as the nation with the greatest moral jurisdiction for the trial of Nazi war criminals, and other states around the Globe agree with Israel's claim. (Lubet and Reed 1) Former Israeli Attorney General

3 Cases of Extraneous Hyphens

3 Cases of Extraneous Hyphens 3 Cases of Extraneous Hyphens 3 Cases of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol Writers, even professionals, have a difficult time with hyphens, frequently perplexed about whether to use one or, worse, blithely certain they’re inserting or omitting a hyphen correctly when doing so is wrong. Here are some sentences that should be bereft of hyphens. 1. â€Å"In the city’s first cop-killing since 1935, a detective was found shot at a residence.† There’s no reason to link the adjectival use of cop with the noun killing, unless killing is joining cop as a phrasal adjective, as in â€Å"The suspect is a cop-killing menace.† The correct usage is â€Å"In the city’s first cop killing since 1935, a detective was found shot at a residence.† 2. â€Å"A privately-built spacecraft will try a second flight in an effort to secure the prize.† Writers frequently confuse adverbs ending in -ly, which are never connected to the verbs they modify, with adjectives, which are usually hyphenated in phrases like the one referred to in the previous item. Complicating the matter is that adjectival phrases including an adjective ending in -ly, such as grandfatherly-looking in â€Å"a grandfatherly-looking fellow,† are hyphenated before (and after) a noun. The difference in these usages is that privately describes how the spacecraft was built; privately modifies built. In â€Å"grandfatherly-looking fellow,† however, the first two words are hyphenated to indicate that together, they modify fellow. The sentence should read, â€Å"A privately built spacecraft will try a second flight in an effort to secure the prize.† 3. â€Å"They prefer to dump the label for a more-effective brand.† When a comparative or superlative modifier less or least, or more or most modifies an adjective, do not connect the terms with a hyphen: â€Å"They prefer to dump the label for a more effective brand.† (If the sentence is ambiguous without the hyphen, as in â€Å"The team had several more successful seasons,† revise the sentence according to the intended meaning: â€Å"The team had several seasons that were more successful† or â€Å"The team had several successful seasons after that.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyProbable vs. PossibleShow, Don't Tell

Negro Baseball League Timeline

Negro Baseball League Timeline The Negro Baseball Leagues were professional leagues in the United States for players of African descent. At its height of popularity- from 1920 through World War II- Negro  Baseball Leagues were an integral part of African-American life and culture during the Jim Crow Era.   1859: The first documented baseball game between two African-American teams is played on November 15 in New York City. The Henson Baseball Club of Queens played the Unknowns of Brooklyn. The Henson Baseball Club defeated the Unknowns, 54 to 43. 1885: The first African-American professional team is founded in Babylon, NY. They are named the Cuban Giants. 1887: The National Colored Baseball League is established, becoming the first professional African-American league. The league begins with eight teams- the Lord Baltimores, Resolutes, Browns, Falls City, Gorhams, Pythians, Pittsburgh Keystones, and the Capital City Club. However, within two weeks the National Colored Baseball League will cancel games as a result of poor attendance. 1890: The International League bans African-American players, which will last until 1946. 1896:  The Page Fence Giants club is established by Bud Fowler. The club is considered one of the best teams in early African-American baseball history because players toured in their own railroad car and played against major league teams such as the Cincinnati Reds. 1896: The United States Supreme Court upholds Louisianas separate but equal laws concerning public facilities. This decision affirms racial segregation, de facto segregation, and prejudice throughout the United States. 1896: The Page Fence Giants and Cuban Giants play a national championship. The Page Fence Club wins 10 out of 15 games. 1920: At the height of the Great Migration, Andrew Rube Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants organizes a meeting with all the Midwest team owners in Kansas City. As a result, the Negro National League is established. 1920: On May 20, the Negro National League begins its first season with seven teamsthe Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and Cuban Stars. This marks the beginning of the Golden Era of Negro Baseball. 1920: The Negro Southern League is established. The league includes cities such as Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Chattanooga. 1923: The Eastern Colored League is established by Ed Bolden, owner of the Hilldale Club, and Nat Strong, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Giants. The Eastern Colored League consists of the following six teams: Brooklyn Royal Giants, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, Lincoln Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Cuban Stars. 1924: The Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League and the Hilldale Club of the Eastern Colored League play in the first Negro World Series. The Kansas City Monarchs win the championship five games to four. 1927 - 1928: The Eastern Colored League faces many conflicts between various club owners. In 1927, New Yorks Lincoln Giants left the league. Although the Lincoln Giants returned in the following season, several other teams including the Hilldale Club, Brooklyn Royal Giants, and Harrisburg Giants all left the league. In 1928, the Philadelphia Tigers were brought into the league. Despite several attempts, the League disbands in June of 1928 over player contracts. 1928: The American Negro League is developed and includes the Baltimore Black Sox, Lincoln Giants, Homestead Grays, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, and the Cuban Giants. Many of these teams were members of the Eastern Colored League. 1929: The stock market crashes, placing financial strains on many facets of American life and business, including Negro League baseball as ticket sales slump. 1930: Foster, founder of the Negro National League dies. 1930: The Kansas City Monarchs end their ties with the Negro National League and become an independent team. 1931: The Negro National League disbands after the 1931 season as a result of financial strains. 1932: The Negro Southern League becomes the only major African-American baseball league operating. Once considered less lucrative than other leagues, the Negro Southern League is able to begin the season with five teams including the Chicago American Giants, Cleveland Cubs, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, and Louisville White Sox. 1933: Gus Greenlee, a business owner from Pittsburgh forms the new Negro National League. Its first season begins with seven teams. 1933: The inaugural East-West Colored All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago. An estimate 20,000 fans attend and the West wins, 11-7. 1937: The Negro American League is established, uniting the strongest teams on the West Coast and south. These teams included the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Cincinnati Tigers, Memphis Red Sox, Detroit Stars, Birmingham Black Barons, Indianapolis Athletics, and St. Louis Stars. 1937: Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard help the Homestead Grays begin its nine-year streak as champions of the Negro National League. 1946: Jackie Robinson, a player for the Kansas City Monarchs, is signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. He plays with the Montreal Royals and becomes the first African-American to play in the International League in more than sixty years. 1947: Robinson becomes the first African-American player in major league baseball by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers. He wins National League Rookie of the Year. 1947: Larry Doby becomes the first African-American player in the American League when he joins the Cleveland Indians. 1948: The Negro National League disbands. 1949: The Negro American League is the only major African-American league still playing. 1952: More than 150 African-American baseball players, most from the Negro Leagues, have been signed to Major League Baseball. With low ticket sales and a lack of good players, the era of African-American baseball comes to an end.

Product Reassessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Product Reassessment - Essay Example The BlackBerry previously was restricted to corporate only. However, it has recently been opened to any user of the mobile phone. The current population in the United States is composed on majority youths who increasingly need to communicate through the social media with peers as well as with corporations in which they have interest to work for. It can be well repositioned in the market through doing market research in order to identify the market segmentation so that marketing strategies can be developed so as to market the product in the most significant segments of the market (United States Census Bureau, 2010). The population of the United States is composed of corporations, individuals and other organizations of different lifestyles and ages. Repositioning this product in the market would involve carrying a market analysis of the demographic factors of the United States population. It is important to identify certain significant research methods applicable in finding necessary m eans of repositioning BlackBerry in the market. One such research method would be comparative research methodology, which involves finding of the various aspects of the demographic factors of the United States, in which case, differences and similarities with regard to the cultural aspects as well as lifestyles of the different market segments will be considered. Proper analysis of the characteristics of United States demographics will be scrutinized in order to ensure that significant findings which can assists in drawing of relevant conclusions are found. Surveys can be conducted with regard to popularity of this product so that data and information can be obtained (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Comparisons should be made with regard to the various factors contributing to the decline in the usage of the product in the United States. Similarities which exist with regard to different demographic factors should be considered in which case differences should as well be analyzed concerning the differences among the demographic factors. This will be significant in identifying various concerning issues which impact on the fresh marketing of this product so that it strongly establishes in the United States market. As such, it is clear that comparative research method will be significant in carrying out this kind of research in order to enhance repositioning of the product in the market. In order to increase adoption rates, certain significant methods should be used so as to encourage people to revert to usage of the BlackBerry in the United States. Marketing strategies would be high significant in this regard. Advertising of the products should be done through various advertising media including the television, radios, the as well as print press. Essentially adverts should be repeated on certain intervals within the televisions and radios in order to keep the masses informed and aware of the product. Product features should be well displayed and demonstration on the usage of the product well done in order to make prospective buyers to develop interest in the product (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Sales agents should be positioned in different areas and regions which are the target market for the organization producing the BlackBerry. Essentially, promotional strategies would be applicable to ensuring creation of awareness as well as

Crisis Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crisis Communication - Essay Example There were clearly ethical issues involved in the SARS crisis. This had to do with the handling of information, where it was necessary that accurate statistics on the crisis will be made known to the public for further action to be taken. However, this was concealed from the public in most parts of China. In the case of SARS, there could hardly be any form of pre-crisis contingency planning. This is because the cause of the disease was virtually not known and so it was going to be difficult to control its emergence. However, for most other parts of the world, there could be pre-crisis contingency plans to ensure that the disease did not spread to those areas. Examples of these could have been the screening of all people undertaking cross-border journeys. In cases where diseases were detected in people also, using a coherent quarantine system that ensured that there was no mingling of affected people with unaffected people. What is more, at the crisis event level, a rapid response con tingency plan was going to be necessary. This rapid response was supposed to ensure that as many cases of SARS were identified and rapidly responded to. Noting the high level of mortality associated with the disease, this rapid response contingency plan was going to be a way of ensuring that people who contracted the disease were not made to live with the disease for a very long time. Finally, an evaluation contingency plan was necessary at the post-crisis recovery phase to find ways of avoiding future occurrences. Media communication in times such as the SARS crisis is so important in ensuring that the right information was sent to the public. Such information was also necessary for educating the populace so that they would not over worry with events that were taking place. To this end, as a communication expert, one of the best ways to deal with the media is to ensure that there were specialized media reporters to give information to the public on the disease. This would have been done by sampling a section of the media who had some background in medicine or health and giving them professional and specialized information on the disease. Consequently, the public will be made aware that for any official and professional reportage on the disease, they had to look up to these media persons. These specialized media persons would be made to work with all media outlets as resource persons and spokespersons on the disease. They would have also used avenues of the new media such as social networks to give out information on the disease. Case # 3– 1997 Red River Valley Floods The 1997 Red River Valley Flood is a typical case of public environmental crisis that affected a group of people within an identified locality. The 1997 Red River Valley Flood is also a typical natural disaster that hit its victims in a spontaneous manner. Like with all natural disasters, the Red River Valley Flood was one that needed an integrated management strategy to address it at all levels of it including the pre-crisis and crisis phases. With an integrated management strategy, it was going to be possible to bring on board as many experts and professional in the field of flood disaster as control as possible to handle the flood. Most

New Testament Essay Example for Free

New Testament Essay For all readers of the New Testament, the theme of the redemption of man through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is fascinating reading; in the case of the believer in the word of God, it is something else entirely. Believers and scholars alike agree that Paul’s letters to the Romans embody the theme of justification, or God’s gift of grace by which the truly repentant are forgiven of sins and accepted by God because of the price that Christ paid by dying on the cross. Implicit in the concept of justification is the identification of Jesus Christ as the Son of God (Cullmann). In this essay, the concept of justification will be more closely examined; within two specific chapters of Romans, 4 and 5, justification will be discussed and examined in order to better understand the concept as well as these pivotal chapters of the New Testament itself. In order to better understand the significance of Romans, one must first consider the historical context in which its ideas were shared by the faithful. Most people governed their actions, and defined their worth, through the laws of the day, which ruled all aspects of life. Within Romans, however, the concept of justification by faith alone, not the law (Perrin Duling) set the conventional order askew. This concept alone undoubtedly opened the eyes of many people to the refreshing possibility of redemption through the one true God. Those who read these words were introduced to the writings of the apostle Paul, who presented himself in the New Testament as â€Å"a slave of the Messiah, Jesus Christ† (Bryan), the word slave being used not Order#311114061 Justification Pg. 2 in the conventional sense of bondage and harsh servitude, but rather in a way that allowed those who sought God to come to Him without fear of punishment. The concept of coming to God for justification is personified in Romans through 2 specific verses, as follows: Now to the one who works, his wage is not reckoned as a favor, but as what is due. ROMANS 4-4 But to the one who does not work, but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is reckoned as righteousness ROMANS 4-5 What these verses tell the reader is that their submission to God, while it will benefit them, is not something that He considers to be optional; moreover, belief in God will lead to redemption because of justification. Beyond the explicit text of justification within Romans, there are also some key themes of justification within it that reinforce the overall concept. Specifically, when Romans calls the people to â€Å"lift up their hearts†, this is an outright plea for people to embrace justification (Knox). The bottom line in justification is peace with God and salvation through the Holy Spirit, and by the lifting up of the heart, one can attain inner peace and security in the warmth of God’s love. This peace and security is described as being â€Å"clothed in the righteousness of Christ† (Harink), and is further clarified by this passage: â€Å"therefore, being justified by faith, we have peace with God† ROMANS 5-1. While this brief essay can hardly scratch the surface of the promise of the New Testament and the gift of justification from God to the Pg. 3 human race because of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, one thing is for certain. For the faithful, the redemption from sin by God is a priceless gift, and the New Testament is a rock upon which the hopes of Christians can be bolstered today, tomorrow, and forever. As long as humans walk the face of the earth and beyond, God will be there for them and His words are eternal. Works Cited Bryan, C. (2000). A Preface to Romans: Notes on the Epistle in Its Literary and Cultural Setting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=96373444 Cullmann, O. (1963). The Christology of the New Testament (Guthrie, S. C. Hall, C. A. , Trans. ) (Revised ed. ). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=95085143 Harink, D. (2005, June 14). Setting It Right: Doing Justice to Justification. The Christian Century, 122, 20+. Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5009653212 Knox, J. (1961). Life in Christ Jesus: Reflections on Romans, 5-8. Greenwich, CT: Seabury Press. Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=13880819 Perrin, N. , Duling, D. C. (1982). The New Testament, an Introduction: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History (2nd ed. ). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=59589847

Abortion - More Questions than Answers :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion - More Questions than Answers      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is abortion?   Is it the killing of a defense less child or is it the freedom of a woman.   In the case of the latter, it is easy to see how abortion can be very beneficial for the mother.   Perhaps she is a teenager who is too young and too scared for such an awesome responsi bility or perhaps she simply does not have the resources for or want another child.   The situation becomes more complicated when the father of the fetus wants the baby.   Does the father, whose very DNA was transferred to the fetus, have any right to determine whether the mother receives an abortion or is the decision totally that of the mother, who must endure the nine month pregnancy and the birthing process as well as any lingering physical or psychological effects.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if abortion is considered the killing of a defenseless child, serious and difficult questions cannot be avoided.   Certainly, it is illegal and immoral to kill a week old baby; but can the same be said of the termina tion of a week old fetus?   When does a fetus become a life entitled to the same protection as a newborn baby or when is it too late to end a pregnancy?   Some would say at any point before birth; however, a fetus can be viable and live outside its mother's womb quite some time before its natural birth otherwise would occur.   Is that the point at which abortion is inappropriate and, thus, illegal as well as immoral?   While there are those who would answer in the affirmative, many would argue that a life entitled to protection began at the time of concep tion, the entry of a sperm cell into the egg.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any event, abortion must be viewed as an issue with many angles.   If a person is pro-life, is he or she opposed to abortion altogether, is there a

Book The First Of Hard Times Essay

In book the first of Hard Times, Dickens introduces many different philosophical ideas that many believed in, in the time of Dickens’ life in England. Towns were developing around coalmines and the blast furnaces took over farming as the main employer of labour. Roads and canals were built to connect industrial areas with cities. One of these industrial areas is, in the book, Coketown. As more public buildings developed, living conditions in towns and cities decreased. Most were cramped, damp, and poorly heated and much malnutrition and disease started to spread all over the country. Dickens used his writing to show his readers what was behind the gleaming concealment of Victorian society. Behind these forces was Utilitarianism, a philosophy that emphasised the practical usefulness of things. This meant that art, imagination, play and entertainment were not valued because they had no practical use. Dickens believed that all these things that made human beings diverse, interesting, free creative, happy and warm hearted were being driven out by the values of a factory system geared only to productivity and profit. Dickens satirised abuses of the utilitarian theory. In book the first, facts and figures are introduced right at the beginning. An authoritative voice is laying down the law. ‘Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts’ The speaker’s appearance is described as his voice is ‘inflexible, dry and dictatorial’; his hair is ‘bristled’. These descriptions give us emphasis to the importance this person places on facts. The children resemble rows of: ‘†¦ and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. ‘ The speaker stresses facts, but the narrator is fanciful, turning factual details into metaphors. ‘The square forehead is a wall’ ‘Eyes are curves’ ‘His hair is a plantation of firs’ These suggest that Dickens try’s to make the speaker’s appearance fanciful when the speaker’s whole life is based around facts and figures. There is much repetition that seems to mock the idea of sticking to facts in a lively way. ‘†¦ Square coat, square legs, square soldiers. ‘ Dickens is trying to suggest that his appearance as well as his personality is factual and he has no fancy in him. Much of the plot arises from the speaker’s (later we find out his name is Mr Gradgrind) determination to teach his own children according to his ‘system’ of facts and no feeling or imagination. ‘This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. ‘ When he boasts about it on the first page he is ironically unaware of how much sorrow is to be reaped and garnered from this teaching. This factual life stands for a whole view of life, which the novel will condemn.

Ballads Case Essay

Ballads are poems that tell a story. These ballads are distinguished by such features as few characters, dramatic plots, and may include dialogue, as well as action because it tells a story. They are considered to be a form of narrative poetry. They are often used in songs and have a very musical quality to them. According to the dictionary, Ballad is a narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain. It is the music for such a poem. It is also defined as a popular song especially of a romantic or sentimental nature. Here is an example: (Ballad of a Mother’s Heart) Origin There have been many theories about the originators of the ballads all of which have some validity when applied to the different types of ballad, the main ones are as follows:  · Minstrels: A minstrel is a musician or a poet. Originally, the minstrels were paid entertainers who worked for the Court and influential personages. They wrote songs about current events and historical victories of their patron and they included rewritings of old songs, legends and ballads in their theatre. The theory that the minstrels were the originators of the ballads was held for quite a long time. They are certainly a factor in the spreading of the ballads into the community; ballads were a stock item in the theatre of the minstrels even when their status had declined to that of street singers.  · – Dance: Certainly some of the ballads were tied to dances. The word ballad probably comes from medieval French dance songs or ballet (â€Å"ballares† dance).  · Ceremonial dance and songs. Some ballad refrains contain ceremonial chants and responses  · Monks: The monks were the amongst the few who could read and write in the early times of the ballad history and that it follows that they must have had a hand in the composition and writing of the ballads.  · Communal composition: It has been suggested that ballads may have developed as a communal effort; particularly those that contain refrains and rhythms that are connected with work such as weaving and spinning. Example is the walking songs of the Hebrides.  · Cante-fable. This is a story, which is classified with verses that are sung or chanted. Some ballads are distinctively English or Scottish in origin but the older ballads are more likely to have a European source as their beginnings, deriving from earlier poems and old folk tales brought into Britain by its many invaders, immigrants and soldiers returning from foreign wars. Composition Scholars of ballads are often divided into two: The ‘communalists’ who argue that ballads arose by a combined communal effort and did not have a single author. They tend to lead to the view that more recent, particularly printed broadside ballads are a debased form of the genre. The ‘individualists’ who assert that there was a single original author. They tended to lead to the view that later changes in the words of ballads are corruptions of an original text. More recently scholars have pointed to the interchange of oral and written forms of the ballad. Classification European Ballads have been generally classified into three major groups: traditional, broadside and literary. * Traditional ballads Traditional folk ballads exhibit certain characteristics which help to identify them as being genuine in origin. Traditional ballads or folk ballads were universal songs meant to be understood by everyone, so writers would choose words that even the uneducated might understand. Traditional ballads follow a standard format and tell lengthy stories that call on imagery. * Broadsides Broadside ballads are descriptive or narrative verses or songs sung or recited in public places or printed on broadsides for sale in the streets. It is commonly in a simple ballad form. Broadside ballads appeared shortly after the invention of printing in the 15th century and were hawked in streets, fairs, and marketplaces of Europe into the 19th century. Among the topics were love, religion, drinking-songs, legends, and early journalism, which included disasters, political events and signs, wonders and prodigies. * Literary ballads A literary ballad (also known as â€Å"art ballad†) is a narrative poem written in imitation of the old anonymous folk ballad; the author is most often a known professional poet. Usually the literary ballad is more elaborate and complex. Literary ballads were quite popular in England during the 19th cent. The literary ballad, unlike the traditional ballad and the broadside ballad, is a sophisticated rather than a popular form. Importance of Ballads Ballads are important to look at because they show how the form has developed over time. A ballad is not simply a romantic song, although that definition will still apply in the field of music. Romance can be infused into ballads, especially if they are a narrative tale of love (or hate) as seen in the ballad by the anonymous Spanish poet. However, they are so much more as well. Anyone who knows the ballad knows how complex the story is in terms of theme, imagery, characters, symbolism, and many other literary devices and significations.

Doing Good

Doing Good Doing Good Doing Good By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to comment on the following sentences: Didnt they do good. The boy did good. The word good has numerous definitions and nuances. I started to count all those listed in the OED entry, but gave up, there were so many. The chief use of good is as an adjective: Read any good books lately? It is also frequently used as a noun: Political leaders should consider the common good. A few special constructions exist in which good is used adverbially: He as good as told me he was quitting. Besides being ungrammatical, using good to modify a verb creates ambiguity. The sentences â€Å"Didn’t they do good† and â€Å"The boy did good† suggest that â€Å"they† and â€Å"the boy† were occupied in doing good works. In one of my favorite scenes in the television show 30 Rock, Tracy Morgan asks someone â€Å"How are you doing?† When the other character responds Good. Im doing good! Tracy fixes him with a disapproving stare and says Superman does good. You’re doing well. If â€Å"they† and â€Å"the boy† are not â€Å"doing good† in the sense that Superman and Habitat for Humanity do good, then the good is being used incorrectly. One way to improve these sentences is to replace the adjective good with the adverb well: Didn’t they do well? The boy did well. If this use of â€Å"well† sounds too stuffy for conversation, then the sentences could be rendered as Didn’t they do a good job? The boy did a good job. As language descriptivists would tell us, good is often used as an adverb in conversation. This is true. I use it myself at times, in fun, or to convey praise without seeming sentimental. Ex. You done good, Son! Nevertheless, speakers and writers aiming at standard usage acceptable to a wide audience do well to avoid this construction. Bottom line: Using good to qualify a verb is still considered by most style-conscious writers to be nonstandard usage, best reserved for use as a character marker in fiction to indicate class, region or educational level.   Ã‚   Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"7 Patterns of Sentence StructureQuiet or Quite?

An Enemy of the People

Contemporary social universal issues are reflected in common themes that are evident in extensively appreciated texts. Written by Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People is a prominent example of a text that incorporates universal topics which are those of integrity and environmental damage. Similarly, the film Erin Brockovich, directed by Steven Soderbergh, reflects these themes. Due to the variant mediums the techniques used to portray these themes to the audience are vastly different. Integrity is essential if corrupt forces in society are to be constrained or abolished. In An Enemy of the People, the protagonist, Dr. Stockmann, sacrifices everything for his moral beliefs to assist in eliminating the corruption: Id rather see it ruined than prospering on a lie! This emotive language reinforces that he values honesty, and would rather suffer financial hardships than dishonestly gain from a hazardous industry like the baths. The Doctors fierce dedication stands out in contrast to many of the plays secondary characters who seem to compromise their supposed beliefs: I should be slow to accuse the mayor because hes your bother. But I know you think as I do – the truth should come first The high modality language emphasises that Hovstad is manipulative and duplicitous as he accuses the mayor of lying to start with, but ultimately supports him, a result of his lack of integrity. Moreover, the play exemplifies the consequences that are sometimes presented to those who have a strong sense of integrity. Dr Stockmann strives diligently to expose the sordid condition of the baths so that people do not fall ill. Eventually, however, Peters machinations turn the public against him. Emotive language is used to portray the publics hatred towards the doctor: Hes an enemy! He hates us, thats what he does! Shame! Boo! Enemy of the people! The irony of this play is that the good person, Dr. Stockmann, is the one labelled as the enemy of the people. The play reveals itself as a sharp examination of the terrible price that society often demands of an individual who stays true to his or her principles. Erin Brockovich reflects the same issue of needing integrity to eradicate social ills. The protagonist, Erin Brockovich, acts in a manner motivated by morals. Fighting to sustain her life with her three children as a single parent, she is concurrently fighting for the rights of people who cannot fight for themselves. Her boss, Ed Masry, initially lacks integrity to take the case on. Brockovich, who is in rage at his moral deficiency screams at him: I don’t know shit about shit! But I sure do know the difference between right and wrong! The strong colloquial language and high modality of this statement highlights the fact that ethics do not have to rely on formal education. Furthermore, through the close up shot of Masrys stunned face the audience sees that an appeal to a persons conscience can sway a persons decisions. Consequently, Masry supports Brockovich and they ultimately win the case. This demonstrates that the virtue of integrity can lead to overcoming corruption within society. An Enemy of the People reflects Erin Brockovich in that integrity is still vital for an ethical society as both their protagonists stood up for what they believed in. Stockmann was still maintaining his stand against the solid majority and the socially corrupt institutions they support. However, Brockovich, according to the films epilogue, continued to pursue other social injustice. Hence, both texts reveal that upholding integrity is imperative. Damage to the environment can lead to grave social problems within society. In An Enemy of the People, the contamination of the environment is not only the vehicle for the plays plot but also the catalyst for the conflict that is palpable during the play. Peter Stockmann is primarily motivated by greed and power, whereas, his brother, Dr. Stockmann has passionate ethical beliefs. When the doctor tells his brother about the polluted baths and that they must be fixed Peter is deeply concerned about financial loss: We should probably have to abandon the whole thing, which has cost us so much money – and then you would have ruined your native town. The emotive language used here reinforces that in Peters unethical perspective the town and its visitors health is secondary to the fact to what the town will endure economically. The circumstances of the play highlight how money the key motivation in society and demonstrates the on-going social dilemma about balancing the needs of a community with the needs of the environment, if this balance is out the effect s on society will be detrimental. Erin Brockovich also reflects the universal theme of environmental pollution. In Erin Brockovich the reason for the environmental damage is corporate greed. The multi-billion dollar company Pacific Gas and Electric, is portrayed as socially corrupt, because they did not enact policies to keep the water contaminate free, and therefore compromised the future of Hinkley. The companys deceit about the effects of chromium in the water is revealed in dialogue: So you say this hexavalent chromium Well, its poisonous? Well, its just gotta be different than whats in our water, cause ours is okay. The guys from PGE told me; I mean they sat in my kitchen and told me. They said it was fine. This underlines the companys stance, that the suffering of the environment and society is secondary to making money. The scene in which Brockovich is collecting evidence juxtaposes the close up shot of the small dead frog with a long shot of the huge power plant nearby, to raise audience awareness of the enormity of the deleterious effect of unethical behaviour. Furthermore it encapsulates the necessity of each individual opposing such behaviour. In conclusion, An Enemy of the People depicts universal themes which are relevant to contemporary society today these themes are reflected in Erin Brockovich. Both texts illustrate to the audience how integrity is an imperative element when eradicating corruption and that a tarnished environment can have an injurious effect on society.

Individual marketing article analysis which happened in 2012 Essay

Individual marketing article analysis which happened in 2012 - Essay Example This is realized from the different point of views as per different analysts of firms with interest in IPOs and general investments. Hersey (1991) argues that there is no much news expected even with companies tying their best within a week. The earliest that this could occur is December 17th with series of meetings so as to interact with potential investors. This has been caused by the new rules, which governs the process of going public. Another hindrance is Christmas, which will come in the middle of marketing and may last for at least one week. The presidential elections also interfered with many companies, which could have had deals before the end of the year. Gaiman (2009) argues, however, not all of the companies had this, there were exemptions who pitched shares just a day after voting due to high levels of confidence in gaining potential customers attention, according to the chief financial officer. It still remains tricky to strike deals before the end of the year. There is a backlog of companies who have signed IPOs initial documents waiting processing but still having the lowest recorded dollar value of IPOs backlog, since the year 2009. Lomborg (2012) argues, however, according to the new laws grading IPOs, companies will have their planning confidentially. Those with an annual revenue less than one billion US dollars will have submissions of prospectus done out of public view. This would remain for at least twenty one days before the company sets off. It has been argued that deals can be underway before the public get a glimpse of the idea (Walter & Howei, 2012). This is not what is reflected by the silence in the markets. Many companies have already put up terms on offer or some have had their deals postponed after pitching to investors. A possibility is that the companies could decide to enter the fray quickly. This may come as a surprise to many who are not aware of what is happening. A typical

Legal Studies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Studies - Case Study Example The EAT held applying the test in Salmond on Torts. The counsel for the employers argued that the liability for the acts done by the other employees which had the effect of causing physical and verbal abuse to Jones cannot be put on the employers as such acts cannot be taken as having been done 'in the course of employment' under section 32 (1) of the RRA and therefore there is no question of vicarious liability to the employers. The contention of the counsel for the employer arguing that the tortuous acts of the other two employees cannot be held as 'acts done in the course of employment' will not hold ground, as the counsel based his argument on the basis of judgment in the case of Irving v The Post Office1, in which case there is no indication that the court relied on the subsection (1) of section32. Hence the counsel for the employer has based his argument on a wrong footing and hence his argument cannot be held valid under the law. The issue before the Court of Appeal was not to find whether treatment given to Jones can be regarded as a 'racial harassment'. The sole ground of appeal was that the industrial tribunal had been wrong to regard the racial harassment as having been "done by a person in the course of his employment" for the purposes of section 32(1). 4. (i) : Waite L.J was convinced about the representation of the counsel for the employee on pointing out that there are distinctions that greater remedies are available under the law including damages for the injuries to the feelings than those that can be claimed under Tort against an employer under the common law and "the total absence from the concept of vicarious liability in tort of any provision corresponding to the reasonable steps defence under section 32(3)." Waite L.J preferred the argument of Mr. Allen to that of Mr. Buckhaven due to the fact that there are no similarities between the statutory construction and the purposive construction on a plain reading of the section 32 (1) and that the phrase 'course of employment' is subjected to the gloss imposed on it in the context of vicarious liability on the common law context. 4. (ii). Mr. Allen argued substantial differences occur when the vicarious liability for Tort under the common law is considered against the statutory concept of section32. Counsel further submitted that the above position of the employers' liability under claim of Torts is to be contrasted with that under section 32 (1) of the RR Act where every action of a person in the course of employment are attributed to the employer "whether or not ... done with the employer's knowledge or approval." This argument of Mr. Allen is having substance and hence is preferable than the argument of M

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Project management - Essay Example Keeping in view the importance of the advertisement, the Electronic Arts Incorporation (our client) decided to advertise their products over the internet, sale of the products (eCommerce) and along with development of videos (EA Inc., 2014). The Electronic Arts Inc. selected the Rubicon (Project Vendor and I am the Project Manager) to initiate the development of eCommerce enabled website along with the online videos for the advertisement. The vendor Rubicon is one of the leading companies for selling and buying of the advertising globally (Rubicon, 2014). In the initial sections of the document examines the scope, objectives, goals and the critical success factors of the project. The document proceeds with explaining the project management methods include: the Gantt Chart, critical path, network diagram and financial plan (cost estimates) of the project. Moreover, the document includes the organizational chart showing the internal and external organization as well as a responsibility assignment matrix. The document further contains an evaluation of the risks involved in the project and how they (risks) avoided by the vendor. The last part of the document contains suggestions for alternative project management methods and guidelines for the project to bring back it to the track, if there is slippage in the schedule of the project. The Rubicon (Project Vendor) utilizes eight (8) human resources to complete the project within specified time, including the project manager (me), database administrator, eCommerce specialist, website developer, website designer, content developer, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) expert and video editing specialist. There are four (4) basic or predefined success factors of a project, including cost, schedule (time), scope and quality. A project is said to be successful if the project has

Racial Bias in the Premier League

Racial Bias in the Premier League Racism in Football – Will We Ever Kick It Out?   An Econometric Evaluation of Racial Biases in the Premier League Abstract Racism and discrimination have unfortunately played a major role in football, essentially since the creation of the sport due to social, political, and economic reasons. Although racism is not as prevalent as it was before the 21st  century, there are still issues with the subject that exist to this very day. Various types of discrimination occur within the sport and despite attempts from the FA alongside institutions such as FARE and Kick It Out, the issue and the effect it has on many players, does not look like disappearing anytime soon. Therefore, the aim of this essay will be to introduce and analyse the different types of discrimination that occur within British football, with the assistance of literature reviews and critical evidence, and delve deeper into the problem at hand using a fixed effects linear regression model. This model will investigate whether racial bias is at play when it comes to disciplinary sanctions given out by referees.   I will be analysing the pheno menon of racism as an issue in football, with a specific focus on British football and its biggest competition, the Premier League, with my hypothesis stating that: Darker skinned players are more likely to be booked than lighter-skinned players, which was proved to be false. The results found show no considerable evidence that referees exhibit racial bias against any form of skin tone, with this conclusion seen as a credit to training and anti-racism institutions. 1. Introduction The primary purpose of the following paper is to introduce and analyse the topic of racial biases within a high-profile team sport worldwide, and in this context, test for the presence of racial discrimination in the application of disciplinary sanctions in British football and the Premier League. Regarding other pieces of work, this specific type of issue has been the subject of only two other studies to date in the context of a professional team sport, with Price and Wolfers (2010) providing an application to professional basketball in the US and Witt and Reilly (2011) providing research on the Premier League.   With a focus on player, referee and game-specific fixed effects, the authors differ in their concluding findings. Price and Wolfers find â€Å"more personal fouls are called against players of a particular racial group when the games are officiated by opposite compared to own-race refereeing crews†, thus displaying clear racial biases. On the other hand, Reilly and Witt conclude that there is â€Å"no evidence of unfair treatment of players from racial minority groups in the accumulation of disciplinary cards†. With differing outcomes shown, it will be intriguing to see my findings and how they compare to the work done prior to mine. In an attempt to evaluate the relationship, if one is found, between racial discrimination and disciplinary sanctions, we first have to break down the topic through existing studies on racial discrimination within British football. This will be done throughout the section â€Å"Literature Review† which has been split up into 3 sub-sections. The first section entails me analysing discrimination in monetary terms, with both wages and the valuation of players based solely on their race to be discussed. Naturally following, the lack of playing opportunities or rather opportunities in their primary position is researched in the third section. Finally, we come to the fourth section in which we introduce the inspiration behind the essay and the reasons why this was chosen. A proposition of racial bias in referees come to fruition and biases that referees may already exhibit outside racial terms are introduced and deliberated upon. With previous studies reviewed, we next move on to introducing our model. This model will aim to question and analyse the relationship between racial bias and disciplinary sanctions in the English Premier League and evaluate whether or not this correlation truly exists. In order to investigate this proposed relationship, the model consists of a framework that uses a rich dataset on players for all games played in the Premier League between the 3 seasons of 2014/2015 and 2016/17, the most recent full seasons completed to date. The key emphasis in this model will be the correlation between the skin tone of a player and the number of disciplinary sanctions served over a playing season as measured by the accumulation of yellow and red cards. Becker’s (2010) Economics of Discrimination was intriguing in terms of the analysis as he uses for a similar model to mine and provided an alternative theoretical framework in the sense that Premier League referees, who during this time were all white, could exhibit on average a taste for discrimination against opposite race (or non-white) players. However, I would prefer to interpret refereeing decisions as subject to the potential influence of unintended or implicit discrimination, rather than a deeper issue, due to the training they receive on a weekly basis and the benefit of the doubt is given to them due to the pressure they are placed under every game. Summary statistics collected from my preliminary model are then analysed and initial findings are discussed upon the subject. The following section details the econometric methodology. The structured body of the empirical model has been inspired by work written by Reilly & Witt (2011) on the same topic. Differences in our bodies of work lie with a richer dataset from myself, beginning with the 2014/15 season whereas Reilly and Witt took their data from the Premier League season of 2003/04. I also opted to include the number of red cards a player received to get a more accurate representation of disciplinary sanctions. Variables such as Position and Games Played were included in my model whereas Witt and Reilly chose to include Age and Native Language spoken. Finally, the most distinct change comes from the dependent variable tested against. Both pieces of work tested for the racial bias of course with our hypotheses remaining similar, however, my main independent variable was the shade of their skin whereas their variable was the race of a player. Asian, Black, White and Mixed Race were the categories chosen for the authors mentioned and I elected for 5 distinct categories of Very Light, Light, Mixed, Dark and Very Dark. Concluding remarks will follow the econometric methodology and empirical results have been discussed. One of my expectations prior to the experiment taking place will have to do with the disciplinary sanctions recorded. I will be expecting the total amount of cards to be higher in comparison to a previous study done on the same topic purely down to how the culture of the game has changed.   Yellow cards are usually awarded to players who exhibit actions of ‘foul play’, whether that be a single violent challenge or an accumulation of softer tackles, but there can also be acts by players that will warrant a straight yellow/red card, regardless of their skin tone. Professional fouls e.g. intentionally stopping a fast break, taking off your shirt during a celebration, time wasting, and dissent are all actions that are given bookings, per the rules of the law.   With these occurring regularly throughout a game and have no bearing on the racial bias from the referee, there is no doubt these would influence my findings. Red cards on the other hand are less regularly given out, as they are awarded for more serious offences e.g. violent conduct, or if a player receives two yellow cards. These evaluations and more will be summarised in the conclusion and whether racial bias plays a part in determining disciplinary sanctions will indefinitely be found during this essay. 2. Literature Review Now of course, extreme forms of racism have died down in recent times, mainly due to the efforts and genuine attempts by authorities such as Kick It Out and FARE, and also with the abolition of the colour ban in worldwide sports, occurring in the mid-21st century.   Despite this, there are still extensive amounts of evidence prevalent today that exhibit racial discriminatory practices in modern times. Becker (2010) found various forms of discrimination within sports which included the following topics: Inequality in compensation, inequality in hiring standards and inequality of positions (both playing and managerial). With this in mind, current literature on various types of discrimination that have occurred in British football, and more notably the Premier League, will now be reviewed. 2.1 – Discrimination in Monetary Terms The theme of racial discrimination in monetary terms in England has attracted limited research, mainly due to the restrictions on access to salary data to the common researcher. However, an exception comes with the work of Szymanski (2000) who was able to indirectly examine racial salary discrimination through the exploitation of wage bill information. The information was taken from a panel of 39 clubs that had played in the English 1st Division between the 1978/79 season and the 1992/93 season (became Premier League in 1992/93 season). This test assumes all teams were operating on or within their own production frontiers, with the labour market for players being highly competitive. Szymanski found that clubs with an above average proportion of black players tended to perform, on average and with other things being equal, at a higher level in relation to their wages. Although at first, this does suggest that owners are allowing lighter-skinned players to underperform without any monetary repercussions in comparison to their darker peers, Szymanski also found no evidence of consumer or fan-based discrimination, which could also mean that this wage bill was just put down to smart business from each of the club’s management. Continuing on from this and the theme of discrimination in monetary terms, Reilly and Witt (1995) and Medcalfe (2008) provide studies in using transfer fees that clubs pay for their players, concluding that there is no racial discrimination regarding the price of a player once their overall talent and skillset has been taken into consideration. However, there is a widely held perception that British players are over-valued compared to foreign players. Even though the Premier League is increasingly global in its appeal to audiences and players worldwide, the requirement that eight out of the club’s 25-man first-team squad must have spent at least three years at an English or Welsh academy before their 21st birthday adds an artificial hike to the cost of those players, with the demand for ‘home-grown’ players at a continuous high (Foster, 2016). Players such as John Stones, Jordan Pickford, and Michael Keane all fit the criteria and have since been bought for a combined fee of  £107.5 million from clubs looking to meet the home-grown rule. Contrastingly, players that were purchased from foreign clubs such as Riyad Mahrez, Ngolo Kante and Eden Hazard (all of whom have gone on to win the PFA Player of the Year Award for the last 3 years) combine for a transfer fee of only  £38.4 million, with each of their individual expected transfer fees increasing exponentially since arriving in the Premier League (SkySports, 2018). Although clubs might just have a British preference in order to match their required home-grown quota, there is clear evidence that British players that are coming into the Premier League are regarded as more valuable compared to their foreign peers, giving them a perceived advantage based on race rather than footballing talent. 2.2 – Discrimination in Playing Opportunities There has also been a case made in various literature for how discrimination can play a role in the labour market that is football. Dr. John Mills was the most prominent researcher on the topic, with his study in 2018 finding that skin tone in English football continues to have a significant impact on which positions footballers play on the pitch.   This research was unique in the sense that a 20-point rating scale was used opposed to the usual binary form of classifying skin tone (generally either black or white) and was collated, reviewed and ratified by around 1,300 researchers. His research found that footballers of a darker skin tone are more likely to occupy peripheral positions traditionally associated with athleticism and strength while teammates of a lighter skin tone are more likely to fill central positions conventionally considered to need organisational skills and creativity (Mills et al., 2018). Is there a racial dimension to this problem or is it simply lazy coaching from above? Additionally, Goddard and Wilson (2008) conducted a study based on the potential effect that a player’s race can have on his labour market transition probabilities. These probabilities are calculated with the dependent of variables of divisional transition, initial status, and retention, using a three-equation model. They concluded with the findings of hiring discrimination against black players, with these players having higher retention probabilities even though they tend to be employed by teams of a higher status divisionally. This means black athletes need to perform at a higher than average level in comparison to their white equals, suggesting discrimination in the hiring labour market. The work of Goddard and Wilson (2008) also seems to suggest that there are stereotypes within Western culture around black athletes being more naturally athletic, whilst white athletes tending to be more creative and intelligent, which has also been reflected in certain media outlets and pundits within the sport when referring to the work of black players. Another approach used to investigate this topic came in the work of Bachan, Reilly and Witt (2014), where they explored the correlation between racial composition and match outcomes for the French and English national teams. This was done using match-specific variables which included the make-up of the first 11 of the respective teams. Although no solid evidence was found to suggest that racial biases played a part in the team’s performances, there were still areas of concern. Reports stated that a former English coach was given instructions to make sure the national team was predominantly made up of white players, with the French following suit in openly questioning the choice of black players in the national side, totally disregarding talent and choosing race instead (Bachan et al, 2014). Even national players fall victim to racial profiling, with countries unwilling to go down the avenue of the ‘typical black player’ even if the talent is there, thus affecting their playing opportunities severely. 2.3 – Referee Biases With stereotypical racism seen to be prevalent throughout the history of British football, I would now like to introduce the inspiration behind my proposed econometric model, with alleged racial biases from referees to be analysed. Looking at the behaviour of referees in generally, Dawson and other researchers (2007) found that across the period of 1996 to 2003 in the Premier League, referees were inclined to award more disciplinary points (yellow/red cards) to the away team rather than the home team (Dawson et al., 2007). Although this may be the case, analysis done by Reilly and Witt (2011) found that, compared to referees that officiate in the premier tiers of football in Italy, Germany & Spain, English referees are much more professional in terms of their bias.   They are continuously subject to a high degree of scrutiny, whether that comes from social media in today’s day and age, or from the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) which has just recently come into fruition.   In addition to this, Premier League referees are monitored by a match assessor who gives them grades on their performances which is discussed during a compulsory meeting every 2 weeks (PGMOL, 2018). Referees are generally required to make decisions within the second, so there can be some form of tolerance when permitting bias upon them. However, this leniency would not excuse a more sinister form of bias-motivated by race. Although this is a serious accusation, all Premier League referees working today are drawn from the white ethnic group, making the proposition more likely to occur, even unintentionally. Payne (2006) took this study on using laboratory evidence and concluded on the theme of ‘weapon bias’ – the idea that an individual’s tendency to unknowingly make stereotypical decisions will increase with the need to make decisions rapidly, which is the case 99% of the time for referees, especially in high leverage moments (Payne, 2006). Another form of potential referee bias was conducted in the study done by Reilly and Witt (2013). Tests for home biases were undertaken using player/match level data, with the measured bias coming in the form of the strictest sanction, the red card. Although evidence was found for home biases in the Premier League, this did not occur through this form of disciplinary actions, but rather smaller factors that would not have a major effect on the game e.g. fouls given.   Further studies took place by Reilly and Witt in 2016, with the use of both random effect and player-specific models and a non-panel pooled logit model, to test for potential biases in the number of bookings given to the away team. Credit to refereeing training and the employees themselves, as next to no evidence was found to suggest referees were succumbing to pressure from external factors (Reilly & Witt, 2016).   As the measure of social pressure in this experiment was the fans in attendance, especially in the Premier League, the fact that referees are not swayed to make decisions that would have a major effect on the game to favour the home team, should be recognised and praised.      The prospect of racial bias in regards to referees in the Premier League intrigued me the most during my research, with the effect that a yellow card can have on the overall result of the game often underrated. A booking, especially one given to an integral member of the team, could change the game plan of said player, perhaps rendering them unable to make a tackle with the knowledge that he may be cautioned for the second time. Sanctions could also have implications for a player’s wage rate if a club’s pay structure is related to disciplinary actions. Both of these factors and many more would put clubs with a large number of darker skinned players at a distinct disadvantage and if there is a racial bias shown in referees, especially in a high-profile league like the Premier League, this type of behaviour could result in extreme backlash from fans, players and organisations alike worldwide. All in all, this research prompted me to delve deeper into this proposed form of discrimination through a unique and detailed dataset and interrogate whether or not there is a relationship between race and disciplinary sanctions, which will now be discussed in the following section. 3. Data After introducing, discussing and analysing various forms of racial discrimination in British football, I would like to research whether or not these effects could ‘trickle down’ to the referees involved in the game, as they play a vital role in the game of football which often gets overlooked. With significant evidence pointing to discrimination, stereotypes and racial bias in other forms of the game, could it also be found in refereeing decisions concerning darker players? In this model, I will be investigating whether or not darker players or more likely to get booked/penalised for fouls, with aggressive stereotypes playing a part. 3.1 – Collection of Data All the data that has been used to create this econometric model was provided by the Premier League’s official website and the following statistics were taken for each player found in this database: Number of yellow cards, Number of red cards, Age, Fouls committed, Games played and their playing position. I was also able to extract their skin tone through this website, and the racial classification of these players was based on the review of colour photographs found both on the official Premier League website and the player’s respective club website (Premier League, 2018). Players were classified solely on the shade of their skin rather than their background as this an experiment that is purely trying to investigate whether or not there is racial bias, therefore making the data used validly. These players were divided into 5 distinct groups based on their skin tone, which are as follows: ‘Very Light’, ‘Light’, ‘Mixed’, ‘Dark’ and ‘Very Dark’.   I have also chosen this classification as skin colour/tone would be the first thing that a referee would see when dealing with a player and if racial bias were to be found, referees would stereotype based on their first impression, which in this case would be their skin colour alone. Even though the Premier League is a league based in Britain, I still opted to classify players by skin tone specifically, therefore separating Black British and White British players, however this may be a route to go for in a further study of the topic as there may be a bias towards home-grown players regardless of their complexion. White British players often fell into the category of ‘Very Light’ whereas White European players made up the majority of the ‘Light’ group but also featured in the former group mentioned significantly. Black British, Black European, and Black African players featured across the categories of ‘Mixed’, ‘Dark’ and Very Dark’, with those of Asian descent all featuring in the ‘Very Light’ category. A time-varying covariate has also been constructed in the form of the age variable. Players at or over the age of 33 at the beginning of the respective season have been defined as ‘veterans’ as seen in Table 1. This variable gives us an idea of how age affects your overall play when it comes to receiving sanctions. At their ages, their footballing experience gained could give them the edge when it comes to avoiding a sanction as they know how the referee tends to act during particular situations. However, these ‘veterans’ could also see their performances declining, resulting in steps missed and late tackles, often resulting in an influx of yellow cards. Players represent the unit of observation in this experiment and are taken from the 22 clubs that featured over the 3-season period of 2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17 that this dataset covers. These clubs include: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Bournemouth, Burnley, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Everton, Hull City, Leicester City, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United, Norwich City, Queens Park Rangers, Southampton, Stoke City, Sunderland, Swansea City, Tottenham, Watford & West Ham. All first-team players that had made at least one appearance for a Premier League club listed above between the seasons of 2014/2015 to 2016/2017 were eligible for this experiment. Fixed effect dummy variables for the 22 clubs also feature in this analysis, with the inclusion of these variables ensuring control for the differing club cultures, as clubs with a more aggressive style of play are more likely to be given a greater number of bookings. This panel is comprised of 1,605 observations carried out on 1,012 players, with close to 37% of players remaining in the Premier League for multiple seasons during this 3-year period. 3.2 – Summary Statistics Table 1 (can be seen on Page 18) provides a description of both the variables used in the model and some specific summary statistics found using the data taken from the players. Standard deviation is represented by the numbers in parentheses found underneath their respective values. In order to incorporate both forms of disciplinary sanctions into this model, I have taken yellow cards to the equal one card and red cards to equal two. For example, if a player has received 5 yellow cards and 1 red card over the course of a season, his total card count will be set at 7. I have done this as although red cards are rare in comparison to yellow cards, I wanted to take into account all forms of punishment received by players and consequently given out by referees. The average number of cards received per player across all seasons was 2.64, with the seasons holding the largest and fewest number of issued cards being 2014/15 and 2015/16, with an average of 2.82 cards and 2.32 cards respectively. The average foul count was just under 16 committed, with the 2015/16 season again showing signs of leniency from referees throughout this season, with dataset low average of 14.7 fouls committed per player. The average player in the sample also played around 19 games per season across the dataset used. ‘Veteran’ players only accounted for 8% of the data, a testament to how tough the demands of the Premier League are, with most of these players operating as goalkeepers and defenders. As expected, the distribution of players in terms of their playing position is concentrated between midfielders and defenders, with these 2 positions combining to account for over 72% of the sample size. Additionally, the skin tone â€Å"Very Light† was the largest player skin tone throughout the dataset, with just over half of the players falling under this category. This again was expected as the majority of players in the English Premier League are home-grown British players. Out of the 1605 observations collected in the database, almost 29% did not receive a yellow or red card throughout the 3 seasons.   This statistic will have major implications for the model, which will be discussed in the section â€Å"Econometric Methodology†. Relevant notes for the table are as follows: Summary Statistics represent the means of the relevant variables, numbers found in parentheses represent the standard deviation. This data will now be for a preliminary exercise, with the differences in both fouls committed and cards received in comparison to their skin tone to be examined.   Due to the nature of this model, we will first allocate players to either a â€Å"white† or a â€Å"non-white† category, for the purpose of this initial experiment. As we are researching potential racial bias in a predominately white league, I felt that placing players into these two distinct groups, to begin with, would be interesting. Essentially, the two skin tones of â€Å"Very Light† and â€Å"Light† will fall into the former category and â€Å"Mixed†, â€Å"Dark† and Very Dark† will fall under the latter. This will be done with a set of parametric (T-Test) and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U-Test) in order to determine if there are any significant differences statistically across these 2 groups. Both types of tests were used to assess any statistical differences between the population means for the t-test and the population median for the Mann-Whitney U-Test.   Where the standard t-test results may lack in applying for attributes, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney is able to apply for both variables and attributes, giving us a more reliable set of results. Having both types of statistical tests available also allows us to account for if there was no information about the population with regards to the non-parametric test, although this would not be a problem in our framework, with the number of observations and players known. Our parametric test also assumes that variables are measured on either a ratio or interval level, with both fouls committed and the total number of cards, falling under the latter category (Surbhi, 2016.) The results found for the aforementioned categories are reported in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. Table 2: Fouls Committed Table 3: Cards Received 3.3 – Initial Findings The data shown above will now be used to analyse and examine any differences that may have been found, concerning both fouls committed, and cards received across the two distinct skin groups. During this introductory exercise, I have used a set of both parametric and non-parametric tests in order to determine if any statistical differences lie at a 5% level. Dealing with fouls committed first, the point estimate for the foul count was greater with darker players across all seasons on average, with the data also being statistically significant at the 5% level. On the other hand, the point estimate for the total cards received was higher for the lighter group, was significant across all seasons on average, and was only not significant during the 2015/16 season at the 5% level.   Therefore, the results from this preliminary exercise show that lighter skinned players are penalised less than darker skinned players are, however, darker players do receive fewer cards on average. These initial results are interesting, to begin with; however, the differences in card count especially might not be accurate with these simple tests. A key characteristic that would affect the outcome of the total amount of sanctions that a player might receive would be his position. Naturally, goalkeepers are less likely to find themselves in a position to commit a foul and thus receive a booking, in comparison to a midfielder or a defender. Additional factors such as the club the player plays for, the age of players and even the number of derbies a player participates in, have not yet been considered. Because of this, a more thorough analysis of this topic requires the use of a more advanced econometric test, which will be done in the next section. 4. Econometric Methodology Assuming omitted factors from the previous experiment such as Position and Games Played vary across participants, we will be able to account for these factors using a standard linear regression. This allows for a relationship between covariates and fixed effects to be seen, but there is no necessity for a parametric distribution to be specified. All observations will be used in this model but players who do not feature for more than one season make no obvious contribution to the within-group variation, therefore making no difference to the estimates of the included covariates. Fixed effects for all players are attainable in this framework, however, which is very useful given the role of the time-invariant factor of race (any given season) (Reilly & Witt, 2011). 4.1 – Regression Model A total of 5 variables were used in the linear regression ran through the STATA software in order to establish any correlation with the following variables and the total number of cards received: Skin tone, Games Played, Position, Seasons and Fouls committed. The independent variables of Skin tone and Position variables are expected to have the biggest effect on the number of total cards received, with Skin tone forming the foundation of my hypothesis and Position naturally affecting my results. This leaves me with the formula for my linear panel regression as follows: CARDSi = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1SKINTONEi + ÃŽ ²2FOULSi + ÃŽ ²3GAMESi + ÃŽ ²4POSITIONi + ÃŽ ²5VETERANi +â‚ ¬i  Ã‚  Ã‚   where CARDS is the total number of cards received (yellow and red), FOULS are the number of fouls committed by a player and GAMES are the total amount of games a player has appeared in, in a given season i which is also present for all other variables. There are a few variables that have not been taken into account due to the inability to quantify them in a regression, although they might have a minor effect on the number of cards a player receives e.g. club culture, nature of the player. These are incorporated into the error term, â‚ ¬i. The variables SKINTONE and POSITION represent ordinal and nominal data respectively and are each represented by their own dummy variables as seen in Table 1. Likewise, VETERAN is a dummy variable equal to 1 if the player is over 33 years old, and 0 if otherwise, which again can be seen in Table 1. With the nature of the linear regression, I could encounter some drawbacks using a linear panel method as the dependent variable is assumed to be continuous rather than ordinally discrete. As I am dealing with count data throughout this model, a Poisson model will also be run in order to offset this problem. Unlike the linear panel model, this model will not include players that have received zero yellow cards in their appearances, as they would make no contribution to the conditional maximum likelihood function. The estimation of these models with fixed effects can occur using either a conditional maximum likelihood estimator or an unconditional estimator. The conditional procedure is conditioned on the sum of the counts for the individual over time, giving us an easier estimation process (Reilly & Witt, 2011). Also, with the econometric software of STATA that I have used, there will be no biases included due to the problem of ‘incidental parameters’. This allows my estimation of the method and use of software to leave me with both valid and reliable results. 4.2 – Hypotheses With the main question of this model being whether or not darker skinned players are more likely to be booked than lighter skinned players, we now also have to introduce our hypothesis in formula form, which can be written as: H0:ÃŽ ²1 ≠¤ 0 H1:ÃŽ ²1 > 0 This shows both our null hypothesis in H0, stating the slope of the regression line is less than or equal to zero and our alternative hypothesis in H1, stating the slope of the regression line is greater than zero. The alternative hypothesis represents our initial question, if there is a positive correlation between a darker skin tone and the likelihood of a player receiving a disciplinary sanction, with the null hypothesis naturally stating the opposite. In our results, if our coefficients for the categories Mixed, Dark and Very Dark are greater than zero (assuming results are also found to be significant at the 5% level), we can conclude there is a relationship between skin tone and bookings within this model, by rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative hypothesis. The conclusion of our overall hypothesis should really only hold if the opposite instance is present for the Light and Very Light categories. Essentially, if the coefficients for the two categories are also positive, we cannot differentiate between the two race categories, as they have the same correlation in terms of bookings. Further evaluations of our results will be discussed in the following section, â€Å"Empirical Results†. 5. Empirical Results With the foundation of the regression introduced and explained, we are now able to use the above mentioned to find our empirical results. The estimated model provides a deep exploration into our hypothesis, with variables such as Position played, and Games Played used in this experiment that would have a direct effect on the hypothesis of whether skin tone affects the referee’s decisions when it comes to disciplinary sanctions. Time dummies are included in the framework (relevant seasons) in order to account for any potential altercations in refereeing policy over time in the Premier League. For example, the rule that players will receive bookings for simulation/diving was only implemented in 2017 which would affect our dataset and the potential outcome of the results in comparison to seasons prior. The main catalyst for disciplinary sanctions is expected to be the number of fouls committed due to obvious reasons, and this variable will also feature in the empirical specification, with the linear and poisson model exhibiting 1605 and 1142 fixed effects respectively, specific to each observation found across all 3 seasons. Further analysis of the empirical results calculated using the regression found in Table 4 will be discussed in the next section. Relevant notes for the table are as follows: ***, **, * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% level respectively and represents the base group of estimation and these variables have been omitted in the regression. The number of club controls within the database is set at 21, with one club omitted as the base club. Table 4: Fixed Effects Model for Cards Received 5.1 – General Analysis With the results shown above, we can deduce various findings. When looking at the number of cards given out by referees as the seasons go, there is evidence of leniency within the Premier League. On average, the total amount of cards received by players has decreased by around 0.19 cards, with the largest decrease coming in the 2015/16 season at 0.3 cards per game, which was also found to be significant at the 1% level. However, leniency in cards received does not correlate with leniency in fouls given as evidenced with an increase in fouls, although relatively small, at roughly 0.1, with the commission of an extra foul increasing the card count on average (and ceteris paribus) by the same value. This was anticipated prior to the regression and unsurprisingly, this variable accounted for over 50% of the variation in total cards received also. Being a ‘veteran’ player was deemed to decrease the total amount of cards, although only minimally at the 5% level, suggesting experience does outweigh a natural decline in overall athleticism, but only marginally. Analysing the data, the average number of cards received per player was at 2.64 across all seasons, with both models revealing evidence of a positive skewness, which can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 below. This number is much higher compared to the study undertook with data in 2003/04 to 2007/2008 in which only 1.82 cards were given out on average (Reilly & Witt, 2011). This is most likely due to there being stricter rules implemented in order to protect players rather than underlying racial factors. There have also been bookings given out to players due to simulation (diving) or professional fouls (intentional fouls done to stop a fast break). Both actions are straight yellow cards which would obviously affect the data and would have nothing to do with stereotypes or racial biases. Figure 1: Kernel Density Plot for Linear Panel Model Fixed Effects Figure 2: Kernel Density Plot for Poisson Model Fixed Effects 5.2 – Position Analysis Position wise, the results show that the field position of a player has a statistical influence on the variable of cards received. On average (and ceteris paribus), goalkeepers receive around one less booking in comparison to forwards, with this data found to be significant at the 1% level. This result makes sense considering goalkeepers are rarely called into action in which they must commit a foul compared to forwards who are usually tasked with pressurising opposing defenders and committing ‘professional’ fouls, to slow down play, which warrants a straight yellow card per the rulebook. However, when goalkeepers are committing fouls they are usually the last man, meaning these fouls are more likely to lead to straight red cards, thus affecting the card count substantially for the goalkeeper position. Additionally, goalkeepers are the main culprits when it comes to receiving ‘professional bookings’ for time wasting. Goalkeepers tasked with taking goal kicks use this as the perfect opportunity to time waste unfairly to gain the desired result. As a result of this, referees often give out straight bookings as a signal to the keeper to hurry up, on top of adding on additional time. One result that stood out to me was the reversal of the coefficient for goalkeepers, with a negative correlation between cards and goalkeepers found with the linear model but a positive correlation found with the linear data. With goalkeepers rarely pulled up for bookings to begin with, eliminating goalkeepers with no bookings would have given us a small sample size with a high tendency to receive bookings, thus skewing the data. In terms of midfielders and defenders, these two positions are statistically more likely to receive one more card compared to forwards, which was expected. Defenders just edge out midfielders when it comes to receiving sanctions, which are again found to be significant at the 1% level and was also expected prior to the experiment taking place. Overall, there is shown to be a clear variation in total cards when it comes to a player’s primary position, with approximately 90% of the variation in the fixed effects model down to a player’s different position. 5.3 – Skin tone Analysis From the preliminary exercise that took place initially, there did appear to be a racial undertone to the decisions of the referees in terms of disciplinary sanctions. Players with a darker skin tone were penalised more often than their lighter-skinned peers, although they were also booked less often as well in comparison. In this model however, there is no evidence of racial bias towards darker skinned players in this panel when controlling for match performance affecting variables and a variety of other club controls.   With negative coefficients for Mixed, Dark and Very Dark players ranging from around -0.5 to -0.75 for both linear and poisson data, we can see that the slope of the regression line does satisfy the condition for the null hypothesis at the 5% level. This means we cannot reject the null hypothesis and fail to accept the alternative hypothesis, giving us a conclusion of no racial bias being exhibited towards darker players in terms of disciplinary sanctions. In fact, the evidence claims at a 5% significance level that mixed race, dark and very dark players are receiving around a half fewer bookings compared to very light players, and light players are getting booked at a rate of 50% more often, on average and ceteris paribus, with the trend continuing on through our poisson model. Our regression coefficients also show a correlation to where you are more likely to receive a booking if you are a lighter player, with numbers decreasing across the range of skin tones, for both the linear and poisson data.   Although there could be a case made that using the significant evidence found (other factors still have to be taken into account), referees are carrying themselves in a more lenient manner with players outside their skin tone (as all referees in this database would be classified as very light), we can conclude with our original hypothesis being false. There is no evidence on the basis of both the linear and poisson model, that darker skinned players are a victim of racial bias and therefore are not more likely to receive disciplinary sanctions compared to their lighter-skinned counterparts. Conclusion This paper has introduced and analysed various forms of racial discrimination that have been displayed throughout British football and mainly the Premier League. With studies on the topic done prior to mine, a hypothesis was formed and tested to examine whether or not racial biases play a factor when referees give out sanctions to players, namely darker skinned players. The key research question was answered using an econometric model analysing a fixed effects panel model. The evidence gained from this model gave a strong indication that there is no distinct correlation between darker skinned players and an unfair treatment when it comes to bookings, with there even being evidence of a greater leniency when it comes to referees with darker skinned players. With referees (who in this sample were all white) displaying no evidence of a racial bias towards non-white players and thus their own race, this could be taken extremely positively on both anti-racism institutions and training that these referees receive. In his own study, Dr. Witt took from referees being cleared of any form of racial bias that â€Å"This may also reflect the fact that referee behaviour is heavily informed by the anti-racist initiatives that have characterised the professional game in England over the last decade or more† (GetSurrey, 2013). Anti-racism institutions such as Kick It Out and FARE could have played a part in referee behaviour when it comes to this issue, as these movements would be responsible for referees becoming more racially sensitive and aware over time, thus explaining the outcome observed from our model.    In terms of future research that may be done on this agenda, additional variables that were not used in this framework, or are hard to quantify in a sense, have to be held accountable for. Variables such as the effects of league position, the culture of a club, fixtures played home or away, the number of derby games and crowd attendance could all potentially have a significant effect on sanction outcomes. Factors like this would allow for the club, referee and game effects to be controlled which would provide us with more accurate and perhaps more insightful findings into disciplinary outcomes and whether or not these would have a significant effect on the racial bias as well, remains to be seen. 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